As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. Milbrandt J. Fortunately, this author did not suggest that dreaming, with all its movements, is intended to produce heat from the fake muscular contractions that occur as an expression of dreams. If, as an advantage, in humans such manifestations of dreams can be related to their reported content, in non-human animals it is possible to record with a high degree of accuracy not only the motor and the vegetative manifestations of dremaing but the electro-oscillograms of many central structures as well. We hypothetize that theta waves are commanding signals that recruit in due sequence the circuits that generate wakefulness and desynchronized sleep and their components; their frequency and voltage generally increase in parallel with heart rate and intensity of movements (Valle & Timo-Iaria, unpublished results). In ancient Greece, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle discussed about the meaning of dreams, concluding that the prevailing mistic and mythic concepts about them were incorrect. Sleep Res 1973;4:65. As pointed Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. Later, the Roman writer Lucretius, the first popularizer of science, in his book De Rerum Natura (1978) credited these Greek philosophers for the discovery of the characteristics of sleep and dreams (2). In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. Roldan E, Weiss TT. This may be related to the presence of pet animals in most families in the Western countries and consequently this "subject" probably becomes the main thought of children. 13. Brain Res 2002, submitted. Candia O, Favale E, Guissani A, Rossi G. Blood pressure during natural sleep and during sleep induced by electrical stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation. 134. Absence of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes in rats. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. Miyauchi et al. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. It is likely that even strong stimuli may be ineffective in producing an arousal during sleep if they are trivial, whereas light stimulation containing relevant information may be highly efficient. Problems with Physiological function Theory This does The motoneuron inhibition, responsible for the sleep atonia and abolition of movements, is not complete in infancy (figure 5). 14. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. Therefore, desynchronized sleep should be ascribed a homeothermic function (116). WebAs the foregoing discussion of rival theories of dream function suggests, there are many findings that contradict the idea that dreams have any kind of physiological or Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. What is the Rados R, Cartwright RD. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. Klein M, Michel F, Jouvet M. tude polygraphique du sommeil chez les oiseaux. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. 33. Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. 23. Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. No wonder that dream recall is impaired in brain-damaged patients (97). Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). In rats, heart rate is clearly accelerated during the periods of oniric activity, expressed as rostrum+vibrissae, eye, head, ear and limb movements. government site. During dreaming, however, it is well known that both heart rate and blood pressure undergo short duration increases (as related to the decreased values), which are most likely linked to the oniric behavior. Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. In cats desynchronized sleep appears also as tonic cortical desynchronization (figure 3) but in the hippocampus, septal area and amygdala theta waves predominate, as in rats and rabbits. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. Such hypothesis is grounded on the following steps. Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. 20. Villablanca J. Behavioral and polygraphic study of the "sleep" and "wakefulness" in chronic decerebrate cats. If this hypothesis is correct, it is no surprise that the phases of wakefulness and sleep are expressed in the cerebellar cortex by means of electrophysiological potentials. Such activation of zif-268, which is likely to be correlated with the effect of learning on desynchronized sleep, was larger in the frontal and hippocampal cortices, where memorization is well known to occur. 40. Further developments in neurobiological research, including lesion and brain imaging studies, have established a clearer view of the functional neuroanatomy of REM sleep and dreaming. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. In 1896 Weed & Halam (4) published the first quantification of dreams content. 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. Motoneuron inhibition is mild in the early post-birth days and increases according to a saturation curve (60). Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? Longitudinal studies. 53. Gadea-Ciria M. Plasticity of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during paradoxical sleep after frontal lobe lesions in the cat. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. 48. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! 84. Consequently, Foulkes concludes that they do not dream but this conclusion is probably incorrect, inasmuch as at this age children have a highly limited narrating capacity and their poor reports about dreams are certainly linked to such a limitation, not their absence. Arch Ital Biol 1969;107:175-216. 12. 118. As any information consciously identified, a dream triggers a specific behavior, that we call an oniric behavior. 30. Hernndez-Pen R, Ibarra GC, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. The motor components are usually weak and poorly expressed movements during a dream, mainly if it occurs during desynchronized sleep; when a dream takes place during synchronized sleep phase I, near wakefulness, not only movements are more faithful to the dream content but also the latter is much more logic. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, et al. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Instead, they thought that dreams were not provoked by spirits, ghosts or gods, which took over the mind to express themselves through dreaming. Although related to the information fluxogram displayed in figure 2 of the present review, Hernandez-Pon's process involves the function of participating in "adaptive waking behavior", which does not seem to have a real meaning (136). Baust W. Die Phnomenologie des Schlafes. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-cyle an (H2O)-O-15 PET study. New findings on the neurological organization of dreaming: implications for psychoanalysis. (1962) clearly demonstrated that in the cat blood diastolic pressure falls deeply to around 60 mmHg, beginning as soon as the electrocorticogram starts to desynchronize. 129. In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). Green JD, Arduini A. Hippocampal activity in arousal. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. 49. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. Depression of electrically induced reflexes (H- reflexes) in man during low voltage EEG sleep. Brainstem mechanisms of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. There are many hypotheses to account for the existence of dreams but it is still a matter of debate why and what for we dream. In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. Guazzi M, Baccelli G, Zanchetti A. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiological role in buffering fall in blood pressure during sleep. Bourgin P, Escourrou P, Gaultier C, Adrien J. "Dreams are not ghosts (phantasmata), since they are closely related to the events of the previous day". WebThe psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its explanation for the function of dreams, has received much criticism from the psychological field. Webikea satsumas plant stand; how do i pair my schwinn bluetooth; meter reading crossword clue; May 14 2022; Uncategorized; what is the physiological function theory of dreams However, interruption of the pyramidal tract hardly affects the appearance of muscular twitches during desyncronized sleep (83,84) but the reticulospinal tract seems to be involved in such twitches (85) whereas the associaton cortex does not appear to be activated (86). A regular oscillation modulates the amplitude of the potentials. Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). Behav Brain Res 1995;69:13-22. In this review, the neural circuits underlying dreaming and the physiological functions associated with it are summarized. Nature 1989;304:111-4. Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. 57. 43. Disclaimer. Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. Figure 9 illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements. General Learning Press, 1970. Those that are specific to certain behaviors. Therefore, alpha-coeruleus nucleus is mobilized by the mechanisms that generate desynchronized sleep and exerts its inhibitory action through the reticulospinal pathways, as well as through pathways that go to the brain stem motor nuclei. 105. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). 63. Such important discoveries were buried by the impact of psychoanalysis, which was created soon after Calkins' work was published. 81. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. Although it may happen in any sleep phase, it prevails during the desynchronized phase. Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). While humans dream around 100 minutes every night, cats exhibit signs of dreaming during nearly 200 minutes per day. 5. Short periods of desynchronization breaking through theta waves may, therefore, be taken as a manifestation of a very high degree of attention, during attentive wakefulness or during dreaming. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). Many studies performed during the eighteenth century confirmed such statement (4,7). From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. 24. The number of PGO potentials undergoes a high increase after the frontal ablation, which is suggestive of a tonic inhibition of these potentials by the frontal cortex. 133. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Kanamori N, Jouvet M. State-specific neurons in the ponto-medullary reticular formation with special reference to the postural atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. Similarly, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements. C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. Fortunately, thanks to this peculiar incomplete motoneuron inhibition we are able to record movements occurring in both humans and non-human animals and thus infer the presence of dreams. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. Such high values of r may mean that theta waves arrive in such areas almost synchronously, coming from some other sites in the central nervous system. It should be recalled here that, comparing the dream content in humans with events of the previous day, Calkins found in 1876 that nearly 89% of the reported dreams were closely related to such events. WebExplanation of Physiological function theory This may be true, but it does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams Critical considerations of Physiological function The function of dreaming Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. They include facilitation of memory storage, reverse learning, anatomical and functional brain maturation, catecholamine restoration, psychoanalytical (wish fulfilment or otherwise). It i Neurosci Conscious. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:383-90. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. 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